Media Effects on School Shooting Victims Essay

The members of this investigation were understudies of Jokela High School, the school which encountered the shooting, and a benchmark group of understudies from Pirkkala High school, which had not encountered a shooting. Jokela High School, at that point, had 474 understudies selected. Each of the 474 of these understudies were approached to participate in the investigation. Support in this investigation was deliberate and of the 474 understudies, 231 acknowledged the challenge to take an interest in the examination, 180 understudies declined, 34 understudies couldn't be reached and 29 understudies assented to partake however never did. 526 understudies consented to take an interest in the examination from the benchmark group school, Pirkkala High School. The members were a blend of both male and female understudies running from ages 13 to 19 years old. Huge bits of the groups of the understudies from Pirkkala have a place with the upper white collar class contrasted with Jokela, yet there were no significant contrasts in sociocultural foundation or crime percentage between the two networks. The information in this examination was gathered by administering a survey in a school setting in March of 2008. In the event that an understudy was missing from school the survey was sent home alongside the assent structures. The poll began asking fundamental foundation inquiries, for example, financial status, living courses of action, past mental help or presentation to shootings. Next, understudies were approached to take a 36-thing General Health Questionnaire to quantify mental and psychosocial side effects. Understudies were likewise solicited to finish The Impact from Event Scale to delineate into two classifications, Intrusion and Avoidance. Understudies were then approached to rate their introduction to the shooter as either no presentation (control understudies), mellow, moderate, huge, serious, and outrageous. Every one of these classes had portrayals to enable the understudy to pick the correct alternative that concerned them. In conclusion, understudies were posed inquiries about the media’s associations with them. They were inquired as to whether the media connected with them after the shooting, in the event that they helped out the media, if the inquiries affected their sentiments after the shooting, and how the columnist moved toward them. At that point they were inquired as to whether they followed the news inclusion on the occasion throughout the following couple days and what kind of impact the inclusion had on their sentiments.

Learning English A Lesson in Language and Culture Free Essays

string(125) structures is seriously bantered in Britain, where the world’s most extravagant history of English has prompted a lot of semantic diversity. To those outside the instructive framework, the instructing of language may appear to be a basic correspondence of abilities from one individual to another.â For those engaged with training, be that as it may, language guidance has for quite some time been connected to social inclination and social building, prompting banters over the thought of a â€Å"neutral language.†Ã¢ Such a language would encourage the trading of target ideas, for example, spelling, punctuation, and articulation without forcing abstract social develops, for example, convictions adjoin class, sexual orientation, and religion. We will compose a custom exposition test on Learning English: A Lesson in Language and Culture or then again any comparable point just for you Request Now As dialects start and create because of requirements and conditions very human, and consequently exceptionally passionate, it is impossible that any really nonpartisan language exists, and this is especially apparent when we think about the English language. The educating of English has sociocultural ramifications that reach out a long ways past the learning condition, and this is best shown by inspecting the relationship of Standard English to different assortments of English just as to different dialects being instructed. The qualification among standard and vernacular types of a language depends on the apparent contrasts between the informed and the uneducated.â The term â€Å"standard,† when used to depict language, by and large alludes to that type of the language that is utilized for formal and composed applications by the individuals who involve the most noteworthy positions of society.â Rules overseeing its use will in general be somewhat exacting and impervious to change. Interestingly, a vernacular is the conversational language utilized casually by a gathering of individuals, substantially less inflexible in its structures and considerably more subject to change.â An online rendition of the Oxford English Dictionary, the perceived expert on the English language, epitomizes this disruptiveness in its meaning of the thing â€Å"vernacular† as â€Å"the language or lingo spoken by the customary individuals of a nation or region.†Ã¢ Aligning the vernacular structure with purported â€Å"ordinary† people normally derives a comparative relationship between the standard structure and less common individuals, the educated world class who use it. This grand status is frequently supported by reference to the abundance of old style writing, recorded archives, and logical/specialized compositions that exist in both British and American Standar1d English.â A comprehension of Standard English gives access to these ordinances and to the instructive frameworks that use them.â These frameworks offer the information and mastery vital for the most elevated levels of expert and scholarly achievement.â Simply put, a superior than normal information on Standard English offers a superior than normal possibility at accomplishing unmistakable quality in exceptionally talented and specific regions, for example, training, business, or innovation (Brindley 208). Regardless of whether this impact is viewed as positive or negative depends, as most things do, on the point of view through which it is viewed.â Any experience that bears individuals more noteworthy individual command over significant life issues may appear to be all around engaging, yet emphasis on instructing just Standard English has evoked extensive discussion (Brindley 205).â Those who advocate the educating of Standard English writing in a manner that underlines its dependence on severe principles and arrangements have been blamed for propagating an ideal business as usual (Brindley 226-227). By learning Standard English, understudies are carrying on a long custom of artistic grant that has yielded numerous significant scholarly gains and carried the western world to the bleeding edge in industry and science.â Detractors consider the to be of Standard English as an inconvenience of social standards that rely upon congruity and limited mindedness.â By compelling individuals to ponder language, educators are ruining both imagination and distinction for show (Bourne 243). Such adherence to consistency frequently places the student in an awkward and befuddling circumstance, as when the home foundation and the instructive condition conflict regarding language.â Katharine Perera portrays the troubles experienced by youngsters being shown Standard English while living in homes and neighborhoods where the vernacular is the method of articulation. For them, an adjustment in their way of discourse speaks to a nullification of their standard lifestyle and may make boundaries among them and their peers.â The experience of talking one path with companions or family who share their maxim, just to then be told by instructors that this language isn't right, powers most kids to hesitantly pick one character to the detriment of the other (refered to in Brindley 212). Worry over this loss of character has powered warmed questions in â€Å"mother-tongue† settings, where English is instructed as a first language and some type of it is utilized by a great part of the populace as a local language (Brindley 206).â Davis and Watson report that in Australia, post-war movement expanded the nation’s multiculturalism while debilitating the impact of a typical British legacy.â Responding to the resultant quest for a national personality, the Australian educational program recognizes the connection between this character and language yet likewise perceives the decent variety that exists inside â€Å"Australian Standard English† (refered to in Brindley 206). The Australian Education Council’s explanation on the English educational plan separates Australian English from American or British English predominantly by contrasts in jargon and elocution, and portrays this national assortment of English as a mix of the Standard Australian English utilized in schools and a few vernacular structures, any of which an understudy may use at home.â â The educational program proclamation additionally prompts that Standard Australian English ought to be instructed as an expansion of nearby figures of speech and not as a trade for them. In spite of the fact that the report further anxieties significance of Australian Standard English on account of its job in instructive structures, proficient fields, and spoken correspondence, it additionally perceives the estimation of vernacular structures and the social foundations they represent.â Its national arrangement for encouraging English likewise takes note of that language changes in regard to setting and purposes, and it asks that understudies be caused mindful of this reality so they to can apply their language abilities accordingly.â The Council additionally authoritatively presents equivalent status to standard and nearby types of English, seeing neither one as inalienably better than the other (refered to in Brindley 207) Sue Brindley relates that the issue of the overall worth of various language structures is seriously bantered in Britain, where the world’s most extravagant history of English has prompted a lot of etymological decent variety. You read Learning English: A Lesson in Language and Culture in classification Paper examplesâ Standard English is an essential piece of the official school educational program, yet there is no accord about precisely what establishes normalized English and how it is associated with a student’s home assortment (Brindley 208).â A Department for Education and Welsh Office proclamation refers to exacting recognition to rules of jargon, sentence structure, spelling, and articulation as the distinctive highlights of Standard English to be instructed in England and Wales, yet this depiction is too ambiguous to even consider giving an exact definition. In spite of the fact that the British approach supports the utilization of normalized language for both composed and spoken applications, it likewise perceives that communicated in English is increasingly unconstrained and thusly less able to fit in with the equivalent thorough rules utilized in more deliberately arranged composed applications (refered to in Brindley 210).â By partner Standard English with characteristics like exactness and clear word usage, the British educational program repudiates the perspective of numerous etymologists and teachers, just as the feelings communicated in the Australian English explanation, by suggesting that school-authorized normalized structures are etymologically better than different assortments (Brindley 211).â The undeniable partner to this mentality is a conviction that vernacular types of English are mediocre. Brindley talks about teachers who are worried that such a biased position will essentially prompt a progressive disintegration of the customary social qualities that underlie the home existence of those whose first language is the vernacular. A few educators have willingly volunteered to show Standard English in a manner that doesn't oppress locally situated language assortments and, by expansion, their related lifestyles. As such, they want to permit understudies to infer the advantages inborn in a multicultural methodology: a more noteworthy reserve of information about dialects, a more extravagant social experience, and a quicker valuation for various habits of reasoning (212-213). In nations where the local language isn't English, there is just as much debate with respect to the social delayed consequences of learning English.â For individuals living in geological zones set apart by destitution and need, an instruction in English might be viewed as an approach to ascend to the echelons of intensity and privilege.â Yet for those previously getting a charge out of that force and benefit, the advancement of English for the majority might be viewed as either an invite change or a perilous threat.â Anthea Fraser Gupta’s record of the spread of English in frontier India follows the convoluted history of the English empire’s impact over local Indians.â When Great Britain authoritatively supported the educating of English to Indians, the plan was to present the language of the United Kingdom as well as its cultur

If Not Measure Success in Monetary, How do You Measure It - 275 Words

If You Do Not Measure Success in Monetary Terms, How Do You Measure it? (Essay Sample) Content: If you do not Measure Success in Monetary Terms, How do You Measure it?Name:Institutional Affiliation: If you do not Measure Success in Monetary Terms, How do You Measure it? Success is an integral part of almost every aspect of human life. Each person or entity is usually keen on achieving their goals and objectives. There are numerous measures of success. Most of them are quantitative. Qualitative ways of measuring progress do not receive much attention from people despite their importance. One can measure success well using a number of non-financial approaches. The first method that one may use in measuring success is goal achievement. A Company dealing in a weight loss product can measure the success of its product through the average number of pounds its clients lose (Saver, 2012). In addition, clients can measure the value of the product not in monetary terms but through its contribution to the achievement of their goal of losing a particular amount of weight . Another important measure that does not involve money is the kind of feedback received from the relevant stakeholders and the general public. The reaction towards an artists work gives a good measure of success of the relevant artists work (Pan Zhou, 2015). Such a reaction may be in the form of the number of likes on online platforms like Twitter and Facebook, and/or websites such as  HYPERLINK "" . Most people in the music and film industry view their success in terms of the kind of fan base they can build and the endorsements they received. Clearly, one can measure success well using non-financial means as highlighted above. Depending on the item involved, one can effectively determine the level of success in any endeavor using goal achievement and feedback from both relevant industry players and the public. Non-monetary measures are just as important as the monetary ones. There ...

A Valid Argument For Abolishing The Death Penalty

Lindsey Hogan Professor Reynolds English 321 July 22, 2015 Determinism: A Valid Argument for Abolishing the Death Penalty? In 1940, Lawrence Bittaker, an infamous serial killer from the 1970’s, was born to two unloving parents in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He was adopted but eventually left abandoned by his adoptive parents who could not put up with him anymore (Chojnaki, M. Danz, E. p. 1). By the age of 17, Bittaker dropped out of high school, never to obtain his GED. From the ages of 21 to 26, Bittaker was diagnosed â€Å"borderline psychotic† and â€Å"basically paranoid† multiple times by different doctors (Chojnaki, M. Danz, E. p. 1). Bittaker was in and out of jail before murdering five teenage girls in 1979 with a partner, Roy Norris (Chojnaki, M. Danz, E. p. 2). In 1981, Bittaker was sentenced to death. As of today, he is 70 years old and is still on death row at San Quentin Prison in California (Chojnaki, M. Danz, E. p. 3). A professor at the University of Houston Law Center, David Dow, has represented over 1 00 death row inmates over the last 20 years (Dow, David, 2012). In a 2012 TED Talk, David explained that he could predict the past history of the death row inmates he represented over the years. Out of those individuals, 80 percent of the time he would accurately predict their life story. Most of their characteristics were similar to Lawrence Bittaker’s early life mentioned previously (Dow, David, 2012). As of December 2014, 35 states in the U.S. still have theShow MoreRelatedThe Truth About The Death Penalty973 Words   |  4 Pages In her article â€Å"The Truth About The Death Penalty†, Carina Kolodny argues that the death penalty should be abolished in all fifty states due to the fact that it is ineffective and very expensive. Kolodny believes that capital punishment has too many complications and variables that cause it be more of an issue than a real solution for capital offenses. She proposes that the death penalty should be dropped and exchanged for better pro grams such as Proposition 34, which replaces capital punishmentRead MoreCapital Punishment Should Be Abolished Essay1293 Words   |  6 Pagesthough this view can be stretched to fit almost any argument. This paper will explore the use of capital punishment through the view that it is acceptable only in the most severe cases. The death penalty needs to focus on the dignity and the respect of human life; therefore, society needs to fix the existing problems within the legal system. Finally, this paper will explore the views of Kant to help find a solution as to the future of the death penalty. Although the government occasionally still makesRead MoreWhy the Death Penalty is Ineffective1552 Words   |  6 PagesWhy the Death Penalty is Ineffective The society constantly tries to reason with an effective way to respond to violence. Differences in opinion on the use of death as punishment arise from differences in religious, ethical, cultural, and morale perspectives. The role of death as a punishment for an offence has not been solved today, and remains a dilemma for the citizenrys political, legal, social, and religious thought. This is because an answer to the question is the death penalty effectiveRead MoreCapital Punishment And The Death Penalty1539 Words   |  7 Pages otherwise known as the death penalty, has been the center of debate for a long time. Capital punishment may be defined as the â€Å"[e]xecution of an offender sentenced to death after conviction by a court of law of a criminal offense† (Capital Punishment). Up until 1846, when Michigan became the first to abolish the death sentence, all states allowed legal practice of capital punishment by the government (States). Currently, there 32 states still supporting the death penalty and 18 that oppose (States)Read MoreReasons For The Death Penalty1741 Words   |  7 Pages Reasons to Preserve the Death Penalty Imagine you are watching the evening news. How would you feel when you find out that they have found the remains of 10 bodies at the farm two doors down the road? It seems that the neighbors have been killing people for quite some time. Would you have ever known they were murderers? Ten lives have been taken from this world and never to return, what would you want from the government if you found out one of those remains was someone very dear to you thatRead MoreThe Penalty Of Death Mencken Summary878 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Penalty of Death† is an essay written by H. L. Mencken that discusses his positive view on the death penalty. Mencken feels strongly for the death penalty and makes arguments in contradiction of commonalities against the death penalty. Mencken also explains Aristotle’s view of catharsis and how he believes this is a reason people still give the death penalty. Along with this argument, Mencken also makes a statement against how long humans put off capital punishment from the time it is givenRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Abolish The Death Penalty1301 Words   |  6 Pagesthat the death penalty should be abolished, I found myself indecisive on who was making better points during this debate. The pro position, who argued in favor of abolishing the death penalty, and the con position, who argued in favor to keep the death penalty both shared well developed points that left me confused as well as uncertain as to what I myself believe in, considering the power the panelists persuasion had on me. Whether you personally believe in the abolishment of the death penalty or notRead MoreIs The Death Penalty Immoral?1622 Words   |  7 PagesIs the death penalty immoral? In the United States, if a human being commits a capital crime, they can receive the punishment of execution administered by that state in which they performed that crime. When someone commits a capital crime, the jury can issue a guilty verdict that is punishabl e by death through lethal injection or electrocution. The death penalty is viewed as an extremely controversial topic that is debated daily among individuals. Determining fair punishment for committing a crimeRead MoreThe Death Penalty Is Justified1491 Words   |  6 Pagestaking place. One prime example is murder. Though people commit murder and acknowledge that the penalty for such act is life in prison, which still doesn’t deter humans from undertaking the act. Death penalty could be a solution to stop humans from committing such gruesome acts. Therefore I strongly believe that the death penalty is acceptable in several cases. Thurgood Marshall states that the death penalty is unconstitutional for two reasons, one that it is excessive. He believes that if the AmericanRead MoreThe Death Penalty As A Form Of Punishment918 Words   |  4 Pagesthey truly guilty? The multitude of society asks the same questions when debating the death penalty process as a form of punishment. The death penalty can be debated on both sides, for or against, and the debate brings controversial since this is a long standing debatable issue. Both sides have researched statistics and produced evidence with certain factors in favor of or against, in result the death penalty stands in most states but the execution process now has strict guidelines. The guidelines

Computers and Electronics in Agriculture

Question: Discuss about the Computers and Electronics in Agriculture. Answer: Introduction Quick Response code or QR code is a two dimensional matrix barcode, which was seen to be first initiated for automotive industry in Japan. The later on adaptations of the code was seen to be done in several types of the other industries ranging from item identification, general marketing, and document management. Some of the main uses of the code have been evident in form of Scanning of the QR code on a newspaper article and one can go straight to a mobile website, which provides additional information. Some of the other benefits has been further seen in downloading the coupon for the supermarket, sending instant text to enter promotions and the sending of tour dates (Diazgranados and Funk 2013). The marketer needs to decide some parameters to figure the reasons, which are seen to be associated to the consumption process of the individuals. The five steps of the consumer decision-making process have been seen in terms of the implementation need recognition, searching for the information, evaluating the alternatives, deciding the Actual Purchase of the Product or the Service. The final step involves evaluation of the post purchasing decisions (Yao and Shin 2013). The main implementation of the QR code is seen to applicable in first stage and the final stage of the consumer decision-making process. In the very first stage, the decision of the applicability of the QR code needs to be evaluated. This will be able to show whether the QR code can be applicable in the first place. The fifth stage of the consumer decision-making process will be able to provide various types of the supporting activities and additional services. This has been already mentioned in the form of McDonalds by providing the nutritional value and several types of other feedback process which is associated to the fifth stage (Agusta et al. 2013). Marketing opportunities of QR code technology in the service sector and drawing relevant examples In the recent times, numerous marketing opportunities has been identified in terms of the building of a active consumer base and forming of various types of communities for contributing in the overall growth of the business. The relevant examples have been drawn from the relevant sectors and these has been listed below as follows: Retail Sector For viewing for product specifications the customers are able to scan the QR code. Some of the other applications in the retail industry have been seen in terms of reviewing the products. Retail companies such as Amazon, Nordstorm, Rebecca Minkoff and Walgreens (Charoensiriwath et al. 2015). Financial Sector In the financial sector the application has been seen in terms of the easy bill payments and convenience of the doing the payments through mobile. The application of the same has been already evident in terms of the Toyota Financial Services. It has enabled several options to make bill payments of the financial services through QR codes (Tarjan et al. 2014). Health Services The implementation of the QR codes in the health sector has been identified in terms of quick booking of an appointment with the doctor (Belussi and Hirata 2013). Public Sector Transport In some of the most noted cities such as Austin and Texas, the incorporation of the QR code has been identified in public transport, by providing the customers with the information on the running time of the buses and map of the individual bus stops along with the arriving stop (Lin, Chang and Wu 2013). Bypassing of multiple layers of distribution and support marketing in service sectors As per the given case study the streamlining of the distribution process has seen to be applied in terms of facilitating the customers with the appropriate information for searching for health related issues, ingredients and several types of recipes(Lin et al. 2015). The main types of the advantages has been already been observed in terms of reducing the cost of advertising, forming of community and associating the same with the social media websites such as Instagram, Twitter and Facebook. Some of the other benefits in this aspect can be also seen in terms of product distribution and providing the option for easy tracking and overall distribution process. In general, it has been observed that the QR codes have been linked to a relevant service. In cases of ad magazines the QR codes provides the consumers with the option to a detailed specification of a particular product or service just by scanning the QR code. In this manner, the consumers are able to get particular details on the product and this contributes to the overall risk associated to the products within service sector. Some of the other benefits has been further seen in form of the identifying the risk. This is seen in terms of the associated risk in terms of product features, product pricing and the associated benefits. The risk perceiving has been also seen to be evident in terms of wine purchases, the QR code has influenced in negotiating the consumers for complex purchase process. The consumers are not only able view the various features of the product able to evaluate the different types of the risk associated with the purchasing decisions. The main advantage of the int egration has been mainly identifying in terms of the simplifying the overall purchasing process (Bani-Hani, Wahsheh and Al-Sarhan 2014). Other interactive content and information, which may be developed in future to support service operations and customer satisfaction Some of the interactive process has been identified in terms of supporting customer satisfaction and various types of the service operations by upgrading of the existing services. For instances, the services provided by the internet radio and the online television can offer their subscribers to upgrade their current package with a simple QR code. This will eliminate the hassle of visiting the website and navigating through the upgrade options. This will also enable the customers for the upgrading of the service by just scanning the QR code. The other advantages has been identified in terms of providing the after sales service. The various provisions for the after sales service will enable the consumers to book for after sales service with the QR Code. Some of the various types of the other advantages of the implementation process can be observed in terms of the feedback provided for the individual services (Park, Kim and Park 2014). Conclusion The report has been able to present an extensive knowledge of the application of the relevant QR code technology for relating the theories and concepts of the service marketing. The main benefits of the implementation have been identified in terms of the first and the fifth stage of the consumer decision-making process. The report has been able to show the relevant benefits in terms of retail, financial health and public sector transportation. Some of the main benefits of the study have been further identified in terms of the making reductions in the forming of a community, advertising and integration of the QR services in the social media platforms like Instagram, Twitter and Facebook. Some of the other aspects of the discussions have been able to suggest on the risk perceived of the products in the service sectors. Reference List Agusta, G. M., Hulliyah, K., Arini and Bahaweres, R. B. (2013) Applying merging convetional marker and backpropagation neural network in QR code augmented reality tracking, International Journal on Smart Sensing and Intelligent Systems, 6(5), pp. 19181948. Bani-Hani, R. M., Wahsheh, Y. A. and Al-Sarhan, M. B. (2014) Secure QR code system, in 2014 10th International Conference on Innovations in Information Technology, IIT 2014, pp. 16. doi: 10.1109/INNOVATIONS.2014.6985772. Belussi, L. F. F. and Hirata, N. S. T. (2013) Fast component-based QR code detection in arbitrarily acquired images, in Journal of Mathematical Imaging and Vision, pp. 277292. doi: 10.1007/s10851-012-0355-x. Charoensiriwath, C., Surasvadi, N., Pongnumkul, S. and Pholprasit, T. (2015) Applying QR code and mobile application to improve service process in Thai hospital, in Proceedings of the 2015 12th International Joint Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering, JCSSE 2015, pp. 114119. doi: 10.1109/JCSSE.2015.7219781. Diazgranados, M. and Funk, V. (2013) Utility of QR codes in biological collections, PhytoKeys, 25, pp. 2134. doi: 10.3897/phytokeys.25.5175. Lin, S. S., Hu, M. C., Lee, C. H. and Lee, T. Y. (2015) Efficient QR Code Beautification With High Quality Visual Content, IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, 17(9), pp. 15151524. doi: 10.1109/TMM.2015.2437711. Lin, Y. H., Chang, Y. P. and Wu, J. L. (2013) Appearance-based QR code beautifier, IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, 15(8), pp. 21982207. doi: 10.1109/TMM.2013.2271745. Park, H., Kim, T. and Park, J. (2014) QR code alteration for augmented reality interactions, in ISMAR 2014 - IEEE International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality - Science and Technology 2014, Proceedings, pp. 293294. doi: 10.1109/ISMAR.2014.6948456. Tarjan, L., enk, I., Tegeltija, S., Stankovski, S. and Ostojic, G. (2014) A readability analysis for QR code application in a traceability system, Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, 109, pp. 111. doi: 10.1016/j.compag.2014.08.015. Yao, H. and Shin, D. (2013) Towards preventing QR code based attacks on android phone using security warnings, Proceedings of the 8th ACM SIGSAC symposium on Information, computer and communications security - ASIA CCS 13, p. 341. doi: 10.1145/2484313.2484357.

Operations Management Product Delivery Problem, Cessna Aircraft Company

Introduction In today’s business environment, effective management of primary processes is fundamentally critical for organizations to achieve the desired competitive advantage. More often than not, most primary processes within the organizational framework are directly related to the flow of goods and services (Lewis Slack 2003, p. 13). Organizations have been wound up due to problems emanating from this area, especially in the delivery of finished products and materials to end-user customers.Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Operations Management: Product Delivery Problem, Cessna Aircraft Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Other organizations have survived to tell the story of how this particular segment is of immense importance in operations management. It is the purpose of this essay to describe a delivery problem that rocked Cessna Aircraft Company at the turn of the millennium and evaluate how best it could have been solved using the relevant operations theory and techniques. Headquartered in Wichita, Kansas, Cessna is the largest manufacturer of small piston-powered single-engine aircrafts and business jets. Presently, the company employs over 16,000 employees, and commands a 50% share of the business jet market worldwide (Avery 2003, p.8). From its inception in 1927, Cessna Aircraft has manufactured over 191, 000 aircrafts, making it the leading general aviation aircraft manufacturer in the world (Cessna Chooses 2007). The company has manufactured over 5,400 Cessna Citation business jets, making it the largest manufacturer of business jets in the world. According to its official website, Cessna is committed to its customers and offers the best customer service backup with its 10 organization-owned Citation Service Centres that are fully equipped to meet the inspection, maintenance and service needs of its customers. In addition, the company has strategically positi oned over 400 Authorized Service Stations in 18 countries around the world to offer outstanding propeller aircraft maintenance support. The company practices an integrated supply chain management, revolving around an interrelated series of organizations, resources and processes that are concerned with the â€Å"creation and delivery of value in the form of both finished products and services to end customers and shareholders† (Purchasing.com 2000, para. 3). In this type of supply chain, all decisions that influence the design and flow of raw materials into and through an organization to achieve the desired end products are integrated. Before the integration, the organization’s major business strategies were based on traditional approaches.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Problem Identification and its Relationship to Operations Practice In 2000, Cessna air craft was experiencing delivery problems due to its traditional structure in the supply, purchasing, assembly, and sourcing departments. The customer satisfaction rating had significantly dropped since Cessna could no longer honour the set product delivery dates. Indeed, statistics reveals that the organization failed to honour pledges made to customers for timely deliveries by over 35% in 1999. By this time, the organization’s production sales and inventory procedures were severely lacking (Avery 2003, p. 5). As a result, customers were asking for shorter lead times. The above problem directly emanated from the operations practice of the organization before the introduction of the integrated supply chain management discussed above. For instance, the organization’s supply side was overly bloated and lacked clear direction that could add value to the organization. Majority of the suppliers failed to deliver the requisite materials on time, making it almost impossible fo r the organization to make timely product deliveries to their customers (Avery 2003, p. 14). The traditional organizational structure also hindered efficiency and effectiveness in some core business processes such as sourcing and manufacturing of aeroplane parts. This in turn affected product lead time levels. Processes under Consideration From an operations management point of view, several business processes need to be considered to solve the delivery problem that had threatened to decimate Cessna’s customer base. The first priority would go to the organization’s assembly line since this is where most of the products are assembled. All the factors that increase the product’s cycle time within the assembly facility must be identified and put into perspective. According to Swamidass (2000), the term ‘cycle time’ is used in the management field to signify the duration of time taken by the production personnel to avail the product for onward shipment or delivery to the customer (p. 360). Product cycle time is affected by factors such as the number of production stages, in process inventory, employee orientation, nature and effectiveness of automation, among others The inventory system used by the organization also need to be put under a microscope since inefficient inventory processes often lead to delays. The push production system used by the organization caused it to carry huge amounts of inventory. This coupled with an inefficient MRP (Materials Requirements Planning) process effectively limited the company into producing products according to programmed demand rather than producing the items based on the customers’ actual needs (Avery 2003, p. 28). During the time of the delivery crisis, Cessna was utilizing obsolete metrics to measure productivity, thereby allowing considerable variations in core tasks. The process map below shows some of the fundamental core processes and some grey areas that occasioned the delay i n delivery of products to customers. Process Map of Cessna’s Assembly Line Relevant Operations Theories Techniques Some relevant operations theories and techniques need to be incorporated into the efforts made to solve the delivery problem. The Theory of Constraints (TOC), developed by Dr. Eliyahu Goldratt, can be used to identify causes of the problems highlighted above and their effect on organizational performance. According to AGI (2009), the TOC process can be â€Å"†¦described via the use of three statements: what to change, what to change to, and how to cause the change† (p. 5).Advertising We will write a custom assessment sample on Operations Management: Product Delivery Problem, Cessna Aircraft Company specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In deciding what to change in the organization, this theory can be used to identify some unresolved problems or conflicts that keep the company trapped in an invariable tug-of-war or distracted from achieving its fundamental objectives. Every organization has its own core conflicts. In the same vein, organizations are known to develop policies and regulatory frameworks to deal with devastating effects that may arise due to the core conflicts. According to the theory, business managers must then challenge the logical assumptions that are seen to fuel the core conflict. This is seen as the first step towards the development of a comprehensive solution (AGI 2009, p. 5). A strategy must be formulated to resolve all the initial challenges once and for all. For the theory to be effective, the formulated strategy must include the changes to be occasioned alongside the identified solutions to the core conflict to ensure the organization is restored to its best performance. This therefore means that changes must be made in the organization’s policies, behaviours, measurements and strategic objectives. For the intervention strategy to be effective, a ll potential side-effects of the planned intervention strategy must be identified. According to AGI, the means for alleviating the side-effects must be incorporated as key elements of the strategy. It is imperative to note that reducing or alleviating the side-effects actively permits a business entity to intentionally and systematically develop winning strategies. Afterwards, a plan should be developed to facilitate the realization of the formulated strategy. This plan of action must comprehensively include what actions are to be taken, the personnel charged with the responsibility of overseeing the changes, and the time-frame. Another theory that can be used to explain the customer dissatisfaction that was occasioned by the product distribution delays is the Queuing Theory. Although the theory is mostly used in service-type operations to evaluate the shortcomings brought about by queuing, it can be used in our situation to evaluate the loss of reputation and increased customer dis satisfaction level brought about by the organization’s failure to meet delivery pledges and prolonged lead times. According to Lambrechit Vendaele (1994), the Theory of Queuing is based on the assumption that individuals endeavour to receive services from a limited number of facilities, and must therefore wait in a queue for their turn to be served. (p. 415). The theory also presupposes that a significant number of queuing challenges occurs in production and inventory management. The second assumption touches the raw nerves of what was ailing Cessna product distribution systems – huge inventory and production problems in the assembly line.Advertising Looking for assessment on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As a result, customers were kept waiting for long durations of time for their ordered products to reach their destinations. The importance of Queuing Theory is amplified by Lambrechit Vendaele assertion that â€Å"†¦with a little understanding of how queues behave, the solution to many operations management problems becomes clear if not obvious† (p. 415). Another outstanding postulation of the Queuing Theory is that the greater the uncertainty, the higher the undesired impact of amplified clogging on inventories and lead times (Lambrechit Vendaele 1994, p. 418). This means that customers’ uncertainties on requested orders from the organization served to worsen Cessna’s delivery problem by increasing inventories and product lead times. According to the theory, customer uncertainty should be kept at a bare minimum if organizations are to achieve sustainable competitive advantage. The theory also presupposes that elevated levels of capacity exploitation caus e increased congestion in the ordering process, enhanced lead times and large inventories due to customer uncertainty. Sadly, this presupposition underlines what was going on within the organization when the delivery problem was first unearthed. Apart from TOC and the Queuing Theory, Cessna’s delivery problems could have been solved using other methodologies such as TQM, Lean Production approaches and Six Sigma. According to Ross Perry (1999), TQM â€Å"†¦is the integration of all functions and processes within an organization in order to achieve continuous improvement of the quality of goods and services† (p. 1). TQM is centred on achieving quality based on the active participation of all members, and lays its focus on customer satisfaction and employee empowerment. At Cessna, TQM could have effectively reduced the variations in critical tasks occasioned by the organization’s use of outdated metrics to evaluate success. According to Kanji (1995), TQM can be used to minimize variation arising from every organizational process so that greater consistency of the inputs and efforts is obtained. This often translates to increased customer satisfaction, higher revenue and growth. Lean production is also an effective methodology in such circumstances since it concerns itself with elimination of waste, reduction of inventory, customer satisfaction and employee empowerment (Malloy 2008, para. 3). A large number of inventories had been cited as one of the causes of Cessna’s delivery woes. Available literature points to the fact that lean production systems have the capacity to drastically reduce inventory and variations in crucial organizational tasks. According to Black (2008), lean production â€Å"†¦ demands that we know how to get our workforce to produce exactly what is needed, in the amount needed, where it is needed.† (p. 3). It should be remembered that Cessna’s production personnel took orders on what to pro duce from the marketing department, a situation that largely contributed to the organization’s distribution and delivery woes (Avery 2003, p. 18). According to the description given above, there was a clear disconnect between customers’ needs and requirements on one hand and what was being produced in the assembly line on the other. Accordingly, lead times increased drastically and the level of customer dissatisfaction was threatening to spill over. The level of customers’ loyalty to the organization plummeted since clients could not receive their orders on time. This scenario could have been greatly assisted by lean production since the techniques facilitate the organization to produce what is needed by the customers and at the right quantities. What’s more, lean production techniques facilitate innovativeness and quality of products. Within the management realm, it is widely believed that â€Å"the key to management innovation is the pursuit of total q uality (Black 2008, p. 6). Six Sigma can be defined as a data-driven statistical technique used to achieve a near perfect quality in organizational processes. The methodology is mostly used to evaluate production and customer oriented activities (Pande 2006, p. 6). Invented by the Motorola group, the technique started as a defect reduction strategy in manufacturing process. However, the technique can now be applied to a multiplicity of business processes to achieve the same purpose. Due to its rapid growth and uptake, Six Sigma can be described as a business improvement model that directs an organization on how to understand and manage its customer obligations, align fundamental organizational processes to achieve those obligations, and facilitate fast and sustainable improvement to organizational processes. Six Sigma make use of precise data analysis to reduce variations in business processes. In Cessna’s delivery problem, the Six Sigma model could have been used to streamli ne operations in the assembly line with the aim of avoiding delays in delivery of products to customers. This technique is usually combined with other quality assurance techniques such as TQM and JIT to facilitate product cycle time and timely delivery of the assembled products to end customers. Defects in products are likely to reduce with the introduction of Six Sigma since the model basically evaluates organizational performance based on how many imperfections are likely to arise in a given product or process. The Six Sigma level allows 3.4 defects per million opportunities (DPMO). Cessna Aircraft had a problem of reputation occasioned by failure to meet its pledges for delivery. The Six Sigma model could have been effectively used to rebuild the lost reputation and recoup the lost market share (Textron Six Sigma 2009, para. 1). Indeed, Six Sigma methodology can be fundamentally used in nearly all Cessna’s critical business processes such as designing new aircrafts, enhanc ing the production and distribution processes to meet customer demand, and reducing discrepancies in product quality. Comparisons of Theories with Practice The TOC theory can be compared to what was happening on the ground at Cessna Aircraft Company. For instance, Cessna’s core conflict during the period that the delivery problem was reported was occasioned by the MRP system offering too much leverage to the marketing department at the expense of the needs and requirements of customers (Avery 2003, p. 28). Another core conflict arose from the fact that the assembly line was encountering difficulties in reducing or staying within the allowed product cycle time due to a number of varied reasons, key among them the large number of inventory and increased variations in critical tasks. These shortcomings had invariably increased lead-times and failure to honour pledges, ultimately increasing customer dissatisfaction levels. This was hurting the business. Since the primary and the underlying constraints had been identified, TOC could be used in practice to utilize the bottlenecks and challenges with the aim of increasing products lead-times, reduce operating costs, and minimize inventories. The Queuing Theory could have been combined with other management approaches such as JIT and lean production to effectively deal with the problem of large inventory that inarguably occasioned product delivery problems in the organization. According to the delivery problems highlighted in this paper, it is possible that the organization was using an approach of increasing inventory and holding immense stock for their customers to choose from. Problems arose due to the fact that customers were increasingly demanding customizable products for their aeroplanes (Avery 2003, p. 25). When JIT approach is used, the organization could have been able to minimize inventory, reduce the production lead time, and be able to respond with speed to customer requirements (Lambrechit Vendae le 1994, p. 416). Due to the need of customizable products by customers, the approach used by Cessna of satisfying customers’ requirements from the already existing stock was no longer tenable. In the light of this, the management could have combined the JIT approach with the core propositions of the Queuing Theory to come up with strategies through which customers demands for customizable products could be met within a certain time delay, kept at a minimum. Such an arrangement could have eliminated major wastes, enhanced continuous product improvement, improve customer satisfaction and occasion total quality creation. The resulting improved productivity and dependable delivery processes could be the basis for the organization’s sustainable competitive advantage. The Impact of the Delivery Problem on Customers In any organization, problems relating to operations management can be devastating if adequate remedial measures are not taken in time (Lewis Slack 2003, p. 28) . As already mentioned elsewhere in this essay, the delivery problem had negatively impacted the organization in terms of customer satisfaction and loyalty. Due to management and organizational defects emanating from the assembly line, Cessna Aircraft Company failed to honour over 35% of pledges made to customers for timely deliveries (Avery 2003, p. 5). An inefficient MRP system effectively limited the organization into producing products according to programmed demand made by the marketing department rather than producing the items based on the customers’ actual needs. This worsened the situation further as customers could not secure timely deliveries of the most needed products. In addition, an oversized inventory presented a lot of difficulties when it came to customer service, satisfaction, and timely delivery of products. Such a multiplicity of challenges has the capacity to reduce customer satisfaction levels, return rate, and loyalty, ultimately affecting the organiza tion’s revenue base (Hayes 2009, p. 36). Recommendations Areas of Improvement Various recommendations to the problem can be forwarded, especially when viewed in light of the TOC and other management techniques such as TQM and lean production. For instance, the delivery problem could have been improved through the use of just-in-time (JIT) production philosophy, largely encompassed under the auspices of lean production techniques. According to Lewis Slack (2003), JIT mainly deals with elimination of waste, reduction of inventory, involvement of all employees in the organization’s operation and adoption of continuous concepts and ideas aimed at improving organizational processes (p. 102). This approach also underscores the importance of quality, reliability and fast product cycle time. Lead-times would have been greatly reduced if the organization came up with strategies aimed at enhancing throughput time as well as product cycle time. In addition, some TQM techniques such as ‘quality at the source’ method should have been employed to lessen variability within the assembly line. This paper has revealed that the roots of the delivery problem were firmly entrenched in the assembly line. The self-inspection process that arises from the method ensures that defects are not passed from one production unit to another or from task to task (Lewis Slack 2003, p. 108). This way, Cessna would have been able to meet the pledges made to customers as considerable amount of time would be saved by using the TQM technique. Lastly, problems of long lead-times and huge inventory could have been successfully dealt with if the management had undertaken a critical analysis of key business processes based on TOC. The theory could have enabled the management to realize the issues and challenges that ganged up together to cause the delivery problem. Once identified, the management could have initiated some operational management tactics aimed at reversing th e setbacks. For instance, standard work practices should have been introduced for each unit at the assembly line. According to Clarke (2005), standardization of work processes in an assembly line is important because it helps not only to minimize organizational variation but also to distinguish employee skills that require improvement (p. 215). This process would have allowed the organization to make timely deliveries to the customers. Conclusion All in all, the importance of operations management in an organization can never be underestimated. It forms a core component of the organization by controlling and influencing the system of operations (Ross Perry 1999, p. 3). In the same vein, operational problems can prove costly to organizations if the correct prescriptions are not adhered to in the process of solving the problems. Business empires have fallen under the heavy weight of making the wrong decisions in operations management. Cessna Aircraft must have resolved the product di stribution problem and returned to profitability. But it is imperative that the correct decisions are taken to avoid any chance of problem escalation. The above stated remedies would have effectively dealt with this problem, not mentioning the fact that they would have served to rebuild customer confidence due to quality assurance. List of References AGI – Goldrat Institute 2009. The Theory of Constraints and its Thinking Processes. Web. Avery, S. 2003. Cessna Soars. Web. Black, J. R. 2008. Lean Production. Implementing a World Class System. Industrial Press Inc. ISBN: 9780831133511 Cessna Chooses China’s Shenyang Aircraft Corporation as Manufacturing Partner for Model 162 SkyCatcher 2007. Web. Clarke, C. 2005. Automotive Production Systems and Standardization: From Ford to the Case of Mercedes-Benz. Springer. ISBN: 9783790815788 Hayes, J. 2009. Customers are King: Maintaining Customer Relations and why it is Important. Create Space. ISBN: 9781440486821 Lambrechit, M., Vendaele, N. 1994. â€Å"Queuing Theory and operations Management.† Journal of Economic Development, Vol. 39(4), pp. 415-424. Web. Lewis, M., Slack, N. 2003. Operations Management: Critical Perspectives on Business Management. London: Routledge. ISBN: 97804155249249 Malloy, J. 2008. Lean Production. Web. Pande, P. 2006. The Six Sigma Leader: How top Expectations will prevail in the 21st Century. McGraw-Hill. ISBN: 9780071454097 Purchasing. 2000. Cessna Charts a Supply flight Strategy. Web. Swamidass, P. M 2000. Encyclopaedia of Production and Manufacturing Management. Springer. ISBN: 9780792386308 Textron Six Sigma 2009. Web. This assessment on Operations Management: Product Delivery Problem, Cessna Aircraft Company was written and submitted by user Shania W. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The effects of personality on sports performance Essays

The effects of personality on sports performance Essays The effects of personality on sports performance Essay The effects of personality on sports performance Essay Personality Personality is all of our features added together to do each individual alone. The consequence personality has on athleticss public presentation has interested athleticss psychologists since the 1800’s. nevertheless conclusive grounds on whether personality straight affects personality has non been found. Athletes show their ain unique forms of behavior whilst take parting in athleticss public presentation. Many psychologists believe that the quality of public presentation and athletics engagement are determined by personality. A psychologist called Allport said personality is. What a adult male truly is! ’ ; Whiting subsequently added. Not what he appears to be. ’ Among recent definitions. two are of import to us: Personality is the sum sum of an individual’s features which make a human unique. ’ ( Hollander ) Personality represents those features of the individual that history for consistent forms of behavior. ’ ( Pervin. 1993 ) Marten’s Schematic View Marten’s conventional position is seen as holding three different degrees. which are all related to one another. These are: Psychological nucleus Typical responses Role-related behavior The psychological nucleus is the existent you’ . its what contains your beliefs. attitudes. involvements and values. These are seen to be comparatively stable. A typical response would be the usual ways you respond to your environment. the universe around you and the manner you handle certain state of affairss. E. g. you might acquire angry and cry after being fouled in football. as you feel it was unjust and unsportsman-like. on the other manus. you may be truly quiet and diffident when you find yourself run intoing new people. These are typical of the state of affairs and give a good penetration into your psychological nucleus. Role related behavior is determined wholly by the circumstance you find yourself in. It is the most mutable portion of your personality. Your personality will alter as your perceptual experience of the environment alterations. E. g. In the forenoon you are captaining a squad and have to demo leading accomplishments. in the eventide. you work a portion clip occupation and demand to follow instructions. Interactional View Most psychologists accept the interactionist position when explicating behavior. it says that you need to see how state of affairs and personality traits link together. It suggests when situational factors are strong. like in a punishment shoot-out in football. they are more likely to foretell behavior instead than personality. An jock may be really quiet in mundane life. but will shout and act unpredictably if they scored a victorious end. Psychodynamic Theory This attack to personality suggests that personality is made up of the witting and the unconscious. The first portion is called the id’ which stands for the natural thrust. This is the portion of your personality that is unconscious. and makes you do things without believing. E. g. a sprinter at the get downing line in an Olympic concluding may unconsciously get down to experience threatened by all of the outlooks siting on them. doing their musculuss to stop dead through high anxiousness. The 2nd portion of your personality is the self-importance. the witting portion. Then the concluding portion is your ace self-importance. which is the moral scruples you have. The effects of the self-importance and ace self-importance can be seen when a football participant wont take a punishment in a shoot-out because they are disquieted about allowing their squad down. The psychodynamic position attempts to understand the person as a whole instead thana looking at different parts of their personality. This attack isn’t used really frequently in athletics as it focuses on the grounds why we behave a certain manner. it focuses on behavior that comes from an person and ignores the athlete’s environment. This theory. nevertheless. is utile when psychologists are seeking to explicate behavior because it does assist you to understand that non all behavior is consciously under the athlete’s control.